The Basic Structure Doctrine limits Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368. It was laid down in Kesavananda Bharati and protects the essential identity of the Constitution, including constitutional supremacy, democracy, judicial review, secularism, federalism and limited amending power.
Read MoreFundamental Duties under Article 51A explained with all 11 duties, the 42nd and 86th Amendments, enforceability, leading case law, comparison with Fundamental Rights and DPSP, and exam revision.
Read MoreDirective Principles of State Policy under Articles 36–51 of the Constitution explained with classification, Fundamental Rights comparison, amendments, leading Supreme Court cases and exam revision points.
Read MoreA structured guide to Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution of India, covering Articles 12–35, leading Supreme Court cases, doctrines, restrictions and examination revision points.
Read MoreExam-oriented notes on the Preamble of the Indian Constitution covering its meaning, objectives, key expressions, legal status, amendment, Basic Structure doctrine, leading Supreme Court cases, short notes and revision questions.
Read MoreComplete section-wise guide to all 531 BNSS 2023 sections with practical explanations, CrPC correspondence, leading case law and official source links.
Read MoreCurrent guide to the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023: primary and secondary evidence, electronic records and Section 63 certificate, admissions, confessions, documents, presumptions and burden of proof.
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FIR, Zero FIR & e-FIR under BNSS LAW STUDENT NOTESCRIMINAL PROCEDURESECTION 173 BNSS Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) governs information relating to cognizable offences. It gives statutory recognition to territorial flexibility associated with Zero FIR, permits information by electronic communication, requires a free copy for the informant or victim, creates...
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Bail under BNSS LAW STUDENT NOTESCRIMINAL PROCEDUREBNSS 2023 Chapter XXXV of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) contains the principal provisions on bail and bonds. For examination purposes, the core provisions are Section 478 (bailable offences), Section 479 (maximum undertrial detention), Section 480 (non-bailable offences), Section 482 (anticipatory bail) and Section 483 (special powers...
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